Promissory estoppel is a controversial exception Essay Example

Promissory estoppel is a disputable special case Essay Example Promissory estoppel is a dubious special case Essay Promissory estoppel is a dubious special case Essay Paper Topic: Dubious There are three prohibitions to the guideline inPinnel’s occurrence. They are composite comprehension, installment of obligation by outsider and promissory estoppel. The guideline inPinnel’s occasion ( 1602 ) 5 CoRep117ais that partition installment of obligation is non acceptable thought to forgo the parity. In this way the leaser may activity for the remaining obligation except if there is new thought. Promissory estoppel like restrictive estoppel is well known sorts of just estoppel. The significance of just estoppel was expressed inCrabb V. Arun DC ( 1976 ) 1 Ch 179that â€Å"equity comes in †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. to palliate the cogency of thorough law †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ . it keeps a person from take a firm remaining on his thorough lawful rights †¦ . at the point when it would be unreasonable for him to make so holding regards to the deals which has taken topographic point between the parties† . A delineation of promissory estoppel is the place A guarantees B that he would non actualize his lawful rights and B acted and depended on it without giving any thought, value would non let A to renegue on his guarantee to B. The cutting edge build of promissory estoppel was created in the cases ofCardinal London Property trust Ltd V. High Tree House Ltd. ( 1974 ) 1 KB 130andEntire Metal Manufacturing Ltd V. Tungsten Electric Co Ltd. ( 1955 ) 1 WLR 761. Promissory estoppel varies from normal law estoppel since it has less thorough requests and it might begin from guarantee of future conduct or reason. Promissory estoppel is discernible toHughes V. Metropolitan Railway( 1877 ) 2 App Case 439. Here the proprietor gave his occupant a half year to repair the effects else peril relinquishment. Inside the a half year, discourse for the offer of the rental was opened among proprietor and tenant. The exchange fizzled following a half year and the leaseholder neglected to repair. The proprietor looked to execute relinquishment. It was held that the proprietor had driven the leaseholder by his conduct to accept that the landowner would non execute relinquishment. InHigh Tree House Ltd instance,the landowner vowed to have from the inhabitant half of the land lease due to the difficulty of happening tenants during wartime period. After the war, the pads got involved and the proprietor sued for exceptional back payments during the wartime. The council growing the standard of promissory estoppel held that the proprietor was non qualified for the unpaid debts lease of the wartime time frame. Promissory estoppel happens when there is a legally binding connection between parties. Like when there is a legitimate connection between the promisee and the promiser. It stays disrupted whether promissory estoppel may start in pre-legally binding connections. Nonetheless, Lord Denning inBrinkom Investments Ltd V. Carr ( 1979 ) Calciumwas of the position that promissory estoppel may start from guarantee made by parties negociating contracts. Comparable positions was communicated in Durham Fancy Goods V. Michael Jackson ( 1969 ) 2 QB 839 where Donaldson J. held that authoritative relationship is unessential given that there is â€Å"a previous lawful relationship which could, in specific fortunes, offer ascent to liabilities and penalties† . The principal request of promissory estoppel is that the promiser must give clear and unambiguous explanation that he does non intend to actualize his lawful rights. The guarantee might be express or inferred. The second interest is that promisee must hold followed up on that guarantee made by the promiser. Promissory estoppel often begin where promisee in trust on that guarantee endured hurt as inAjayi V. Briscoe ( 1964 ) 1 WLR 1326; or where he adjusts his place as an outcome of trusting on that guarantee when however he endures no hurt. InAlan Co. Ltd V El Nasr A ; Import Co. ( 1972 ) 2QB 18, Lord Denningheld that hurt is non an essential segment of promissory estoppel. Subsequently, for a petition of promissory estoppel to win, there must be a modification in fortunes of the promisee. The third interest of promissory estoppel is that it would be unfair for the promiser to renegue on his guarantee and case his thorough legitimate rights after the promisee had depended on it. The fourth interest of promissory estoppel is that it can non be authorize against the promissor. Consequently it very well may be utilized simply as a barrier instrument and subsequently can non be utilized as a sharp edge. In Combe V. Combe ( 1951 ) CA, the court held that promissory estoppel does non make a reason for activity and as such the interest of thought in arrangement of agreement is as yet significant. Promissory estoppel is a guideline of grounds that forestalls the promissor from preventing reality from claiming proclamation which the promisee had depended. Be that as it may, this interest appeared to be changed in noticeable radiation of the judgments inRe Wyven Developments ( 1974 ) 1 WLR 1097andEvenden V. Guildford City AFC ( 1975 )QB 917, here the councils held â€Å"that promissory estoppel can be a reason for action† . The courts utilize an objective preliminary to discover whether it was reasonable to trust on a guarantee. Hence certain guarantees like threats would non sum to promissory estoppel where court concludes that trust on it was inconsistent. Moreover, if the promisee did non trust on the guarantee, there would be legitimate articulation that it was non unfair for the promiser to go back on his guarantee. Promissory estoppel may for good snuff out the privileges of the promissor to guarantee ball sum after part-installment. InD A ; C Builders v Rees ( 1965 ) 2QB 617,Lord Denningexpressed that the â€Å"promissor would non be permitted to come back to his thorough lawful rights and that the promissory estoppel will be finishing up if promisee comprehended the guarantee to mean closing termination of promissors’ rights thorough lawful rights† . In any case, for intermittent installment promissory estoppel basically suspends the privilege of the promissor to the obligation until such clasp when it turns out to be simply to guarantee the equalization. In this manner, in intermittent installments, promissory estoppel may snuff out the privilege of the promissor to guarantee installment for the suspended period yet can do guarantee for resulting periods subsequent to giving reasonable notification or when the fortunes that offered ascend to the fortunes changes. InEntire Metal case, the court held that â€Å"on giving reasonable notification to the next gathering, return to their lawful privilege to have the pay payments†

Effects of gambling Essay Example for Free

Impacts of betting Essay What are the Odds? With conspicuous lights, modest smorgasbords, and free lodgings; proprietors of gambling clubs utilize these things as a ploy to pull individuals in. In an investigation by Dr. Weinstock, it was discovered that when betting, the situation is anything but favorable for the player. The chances of a school competitor turning into a star football player are 3,000 to 1, the chances of being struck by lightning are 280,000 to 1, the chances of winning a Powerball big stake are 140,000,000 to 1 (Weinstock). Betting is an unpredictable and charming human action. It has been in presence for a few thousand years. Club are currently found all over the place and betting has become a recreational action for a wide range of individuals. Betting can be ruinous to individuals and networks; anyway betting can be a positive diversion since it gives amusement and unwinding. It is a well known action since individuals discover it so pleasurable. The United States History of Gambling load up did an examination shows that thirty-eight percent of Americans will go to Las Vegas in the course of their life (History of Gambling in the United States). Individuals go on excursions to places like Las Vegas or Reno Nevada, which are two significant urban communities for betting, to bet for no particular reason. It’s an agreeable action. Individuals can take part in a wide range of sorts of betting; those with immediate prizes or scratch cards, gaming machines, wagering on games, wagering on uncommon occasions, broadcast lotteries and conventional lotteries. Betting can be sure and negative consequently: economy, habit, unsafe to the adolescent, and grants. Betting goes after individuals who are poor, tricking them with the guarantee of a real existence liberated from money related concerns and weights. In a physiological report, 60% of club income originates from card sharks making under $25,000 every year (Nance-Nash). Therefore, insolvency rates are 100 percent higher in districts with gambling clubs than in provinces without club. While gambling clubs may acquire charge income, this is maybe the most noticeably terrible type of backward tax collection comprehensible (Nance-Nash). The least fortunate of the populace are the ones financing this duty income. On an increasingly positive note, the guideline of the economy is a positive for betting. Any place there is a gambling club, there is individuals going through cash. At the point when individuals win cash, they use it to buy things, along these lines returning the cash to the economy. Through guideline of the economy, new schools and medical clinics can be built as a result of the expanded assets brought about by betting assessments. With the formation of new gambling clubs, different organizations in the territory are regularly compelled to close down. In spite of the fact that betting foundations may give the travel industry a lift, there may likewise be an expansion in crime percentages, which plainly isn’t a positive change. With more individuals going through a town or city, there are more chances to perpetrate wrongdoings without getting captured. Betting addicts can go to burglaries, burglary, extortion and theft just to get all the more betting cash. The advantages to neighborhood organizations might be exaggerated, since numerous voyagers will keep their exercises to club and may not go through their cash somewhere else. Club are terrible, in light of the fact that when individuals become dependent, it detracts from the economy by giving recovery, food, and lodging help. As certain individuals see betting foundations as giving occupations, the action likewise removes employments. Individuals who become risky speculators become so dependent that they feel like that can’t do whatever else other than wagering. Thusly, this makes individuals lose their employment in consequence of this compulsion. half of understudies were either issue or likely neurotic speculators (Weinstock). Taking a gander at betting from an alternate edge; when these foundations are constructed, other land, for example, inns and eateries are added to the network. These organizations give more occupations. . Club are a positive in view of the employments they give. Such employments include: vendors, safety crew, janitors, and performers. By giving more employments, gambling clubs help increment the populace in a territory. Occupations in the gambling club industry are regularly generously compensated employments. Gambling clubs make an incredible expansion to a city with summary zones since they energize guests and visitors. Betting addicts not exclusively harm themselves yet to their families. Betting addicts remove a mess of time from their families and companions. Whats more regrettable is that they may even be going through their cash as well as cash for their familys day by day costs or for their children instruction. Dependent speculators neglect to perceive this and are possibly engaged in getting more money when in all actuality, theyre simply losing more. Betting seriously influences family life. Separation, youngster disregard and suicides are results of betting addictions. The sanctioning of betting isn't an issue, individuals who become dependent bring the issues and enduring upon themselves. An absence of self-restraint can prompt monetary issues. Americas betting dependence isn’t excessively far behind the nation’s medicate issue, and it’s developing (Nance-Nash). In the United States there are 15 million Americans dependent on betting and 23 million dependent on medications or liquor so the issue of individuals being dependent on betting isn't as terrible as it might look. Likewise, there is a straightforward fix to betting and that is to simply quit going to gambling clubs. Medications have unsafe impacts and are a lot harder to break that dependence. The key for society is to locate its correct parity. Moreover, individuals ought to know about the drawbacks of betting so they take an interest with some restraint. Betting is fun and compensating yet ruinous as well, on the off chance that one doesnt realize how to deal with it. As an adolescent, the paces of being in danger for issue betting can be a few times higher than a grown-up. Betting has become an issue since small children, not yet mature enough to bet are currently taking part in this hurtful action, illicitly. Huang found through research that understudies who bet are in danger of acquiring different addictions, for example, hard-core boozing, pot use, cigarette use, and perilous sex. (Huang) Living in the continually changing occasions of today, innovation has made putting down wagers simpler than any time in recent memory. Understudies are at risk to partake in betting in light of the fact that it is considered socially adequate. As is it glamorized by publicizing, and advanced as a game, an ever increasing number of individuals have thought that it was alright to discard their cash on a drivel round of karma. Despite the fact that, for understudies betting makes cash for grants like the Arkansas Lottery grant. The Arkansas Lottery Commission is answerable for giving amusement to the general population and augmenting the income created. Despite the fact that betting is taken a gander at both contrarily and decidedly everybody has their own conclusion. They are on the whole conclusions; by giving supporting realities for the two looks I have indicated that betting has its high points and low points. Neither out ways is the other betting something that will more than likely consistently be near. The betting business just exists in light of the fact that there are individuals ready to chance their cash on a round of chance with the expectation that they will make a benefit. For the most part, the main individuals who benefit are the proprietors of club and other betting foundations, yet there are a few people who are persuaded that their day will come. Is it worth the hazard to bet your life away? While doing research supporting betting it was discovered that betting is valuable since it animates the mind and reinforces dynamic aptitudes. (Campbell) People bet, regardless of whether it is lawful or not, on the grounds that it encourages them face the world more effectively than they could without the flash which it gives. Betting is only an expansion of amusement like going out to see the films or out to a game. Club and betting are innocuous with some restraint. They are advantageous to the network and the individuals who live there. Legitimized betting is a national sensation. The gaming business is prosperous and should keep extending.

BP Amoco Essays - Standard Oil, Amoco, BP, Big Oil, Petroleum

BP Amoco BP Amoco English Petrochemical Corporation enrolled on April 14, 1909, as the Anglo-Persian Oil Company, Ltd. It was named the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company, Ltd., in 1935 and changed its name to the English Petroleum Company Limited in 1954. The present name was received in 1982. The organization's central command are in London. The Anglo-Persian Oil Organization was shaped in 1909 to dominate and back an oil-field concession conceded in 1901 by the Iranian government to an English speculator, William Knox D'Arcy. (Britannica) In 1914 the British government became the organization's main investor and throughout the years was normally the biggest single investor. Compelling January 1, 1955, British Petroleum turned into a holding organization. In the start of the 1977 the British government diminished its responsibility for by offering offers to the general population, and in the late 1980s the administration turned over BP totally to private proprietorship by selling its residual portions of the organization. In 1987 BP procured the rest of the Standard Oil Company for nearly $8 billion strengthening its situation as one of the biggest oil organizations on the planet. Amoco Corporation in the past Standard Oil Company, American oil enterprise, was established in 1889 by the Standard Oil trust to coordinate the refining and showcasing of oil in the Midwestern states. The organization's first processing plant, outside Whiting, Ind., delivered fuel oil, lamp fuel, and other oil based goods. Around 1910 Standard Oil created the splitting procedure, which turned into the most significant strategy fro delivering gas from oil. In 1911 the U.S. Preeminent Court broke up the across the country Standard Oil trust, and Standard Oil (Indiana) got autonomous. Its central command are in Chicago. (Britannica) In the 1920 Standard Oil obtained incomplete enthusiasm for organizations that possessed Midwestern oil fields and pipeline organizes so as to add creation to its refining and showcasing activities. During the 1950s Standard Oil got dynamic in oil investigation and creation adventures in South America and the Middle East. In 1961 a large portion of the organization's U.S. working exercises were brought together in the American oil organization, for which Standard Oil (Indiana) filled in as a holding organization. The byname Amoco was progressively utilized as a brand and corporate name. In 1985 the Standard Oil Company (Indiana) turned out to be formally the Amoco Corporation. On December 30,1998, BP and Amoco affirmed that the US Federal Trade Commission (FTC) has conceded administrative endorsement for the merger of the two organizations and that fulfillment of the arrangement will occur at year-end. The two organizations consented to mean to close the exchange soon after 2100 hours London time on December 31, 1998, at the point when Amoco's stock will leave the Standard Poor 500 and the offers of the combined gathering, BP Amoco p.l.c., will be recorded on the London Stock Trade. With a market capitalization of more than $140 billion, BP Amoco p.l.c. is the Britain's greatest organization and one of the world's best three oil majors. We expect to assume a main job in meeting the world's requirements for oil, gas, sun based force and petrochemicals without harming nature. BP AMOCO'S WORLD The BP Amoco bunch stands apart as a total supplier of vitality and petrochemicals. Consistently they serve a great many clients with items to the nature of their lives ? fuel for transport, vitality for warmth and light, sun based force, and petrochemicals for plastics, filaments and textures. Adventurers from Amoco and BP have driven the route in finding the world's mammoth oil and gas fields and getting vitality to the world's commercial center. As indicated by Larry Fuller and Peter Sutherland, co-executives, the gathering the interest of vitality requires a mix of remarkable human and specialized aptitudes, modern worldwide association and two-way associations with neighborhood networks, clients, temporary workers, accomplices, government and representatives. BP Amoco's point is to be effective in all things they do by conveying extraordinary execution. Their business is about revelation ? about discovering, creating and promoting the characteristic vitality assets on which the cutting edge world depends. Their business incomes, advertise esteem, and oil and gas holds make BP Amoco one of the three biggest coordinated vitality organizations on the planet. They work in one hundred nations on six landmasses. Every day they produce just about 3,000,000 barrels of oil proportional creation, of which sixty-five percent is oil and thirty-five percent flammable gas. They have entrenched tasks in Europe, North furthermore, South America, Australia and quite a bit of Africa. BP Amoco is recognized by the money related assets to work on a worldwide scale, the specialized limit to take advantage of lucky breaks, and an adaptable administration structure. The center of their business is a world-class set of advantages. In Britain they are the biggest maker of oil and gas from the North Sea and West of

The Revelation of Societal Values Through Marginalisation in Conrads Heart of Darkness - Literature Essay Samples

It is fair to say, that late 19th Century Europe is not remembered for its progressive and humanistic values. Indeed, European society at this time could probably be described as racist and sexist, with colonialism and empire building national passions throughout the continent, a passion perhaps best expressed by Belgian King Leopold who described the imperialist enterprise as a crusade worthy of a century of progress. Generally, black people were thought of as a savage type of sub-human, whilst women were generally believed to be second-class citizens, with both groups possessing few rights. Naturally, the literary texts of the time generally reflect this, with classics of Western Literature such as Rudyard Kiplings Kim, for example, essentially racist and pro-colonialist. Joseph Conrads 1898-99 work Heart of Darkness, however, does purport to dispute some of the dominant values of its society to an extent, through its somewhat dubious anti-colonialist discourse. Despite this, howev er, Heart of Darkness constructs black Africans and women as being on societys fringes. Whilst it can be argued that this marginalization is unconscious, Conrad nevertheless exhibits racism and sexism to a degree and in doing so reveals some of the dominant societal values in his time.In recent years especially, there has been increasing criticism as to how Conrad represents black people in his novella. A large amount of this criticism has stemmed from the post-colonialist African novelist Chinua Achebe, who, in his famous lecture An image of Africa argues, that the way in which Conrad represents Africans as on the margins means he should be labelled a thoroughgoing racist. A key aspect of Achebes criticism is the way in which Africa and its people are marginalized as an other world, or an antithesis to civilized Europe. This can be seen firstly through the fact that, according to the novella, everyone who comes into contact with Africa becomes crazy. The Company Doctor, when he exa mines Marlow, tells us that when men go to Africa changes take place (inside their heads) whilst the Company Secretarys response to Marlows query as to whether or not he would go to Africa is I am not such a fool as I look, quoth Plato to his disciples. These two statements seem to suggest to the reader that Africa, and by association its native people, makes ordinary people crazy because of its savagery. As such, it marginalizes Africans as barbarous and, in doing so, reveals some of the racism prevalent in Conrads society.The dichotomy between civilized Europe and barbarous Africa, within the novella, can also be seen through the character of Kurtz. The poster boy of European society, Kurtz, at the beginning of his sojourn in Africa is described glowingly by all, with the Brickmaker, for example, calling Kurtz an emissary of pity, of science and progress whilst Kurtzs paper for the International Society for the Suppression of Savage Customs, expresses, in Marlows words, every altr uistic sentiment. Onto this is juxtaposed the Kurtz that we meet who has altered his report on the suppression of savage customs with a postscript reading exterminate the brutes. Additionally, Kurtz is self-centered (My intended, My ivory, My station, My river) and barbarous as evidenced by the gruesome set of skulls outside his hut. From this transformation, the reader can ascertain that something has changed Kurtz. In the words of Achebe, this something is Africa and its inhabitants, who are constructed as, the antithesis of Europe and therefore of civilization, a place where mans vaunted intelligence and refinement are finally mocked by triumphant bestiality. As such, Conrads text again, perhaps unconsciously, marginalizes Africa and its people as a savage kryptonite for European civilization, and therefore again allows dominant societal values to be seen.Another way in which Africans are represented as on societys margins is through the silencing of all Africans within the novel la. During the course of the book, Africans are essentially voiceless, speaking only twice, with their native language described as uncouth babble (although this can be explained, to an extent by the lack of knowledge of African languages during Conrads time). On the few occasions when Africans do speak, they speak essentially Pidgin English, and effectively marginalise themselves, as such. This can be seen through the two occasions when Africans speak as, on one occasion, the cannibalistic savagery of Africans is shown as a black African asks Marlow to catch an individual so that he can eat im, and, on the other, it is proclaimed that Mistah Kurtz he dead, reminding the reader that it is Africa which has caused Kurtzs death through its lack of civilisation. As such, it can be seen that Africans are pushed to the fringes, through their lack of voice, and are therefore marginalized as savage and incapable of intelligent speech.Additionally, Africans are also marginalized through the comparisons of Africans and Europeans throughout the novella. Marlow tells us that, what thrills you was the thought of their (Africans) humanity like yours and that Africans can lay a claim of remote kinship. This again marginalizes black people by suggesting that Africans have a lesser humanity, as such, again a reflection of the discourses of Conrads time. This is again highlighted as Marlow tells us that he believes Africans to be fine fellowsin their place, thereby suggesting that Africans are fine, as long as they stick to their place, which, Marlow implies through showering praise on a group of Africans paddling canoes, is in the jungle, as savages. As such, the novel gives us an insight into the societal beliefs of late 19th Century Western Europe by (consciously or unconsciously) constructing Africans as second-class humans.Despite this, however, it has been argued (notably by Ngugi Wa Thiongo) that the anti-colonialist discourse of Heart of Darkness balances out its raci st representation to some extent. It could also be argued, however, that this discourse is not really anti-colonialist at all, but instead argues for better colonialism, as such. Although Marlow calls Colonialists violent robbers, and describes ivory hunters ironically as pilgrims, presumably to a shrine of greed, he also notes that Kurtz report on the suppression of savage customs expresses every altruistic sentiment. Additionally, Marlow also describes patches of red on the map, representing English territory, as being where good work is being done, despite this being colonisation just like everywhere else. What this implies is that there is a type of good colonialism, whereby Africans are civilised without force, which is valued by Conrad. As such, whilst there appears to be anti-colonialist elements, generally, these serve more to expose the brutality that is occurring in the name of colonialism to the middle-upper class readers of Blackwood Magazine (where the novella was publi shed) than to criticize the imperialist enterprise as such. It can be seen therefore, that the novella promotes a patronizing way of civilizing black Africans and as such, again marginalizes them as lesser humans. In doing so, it also again reflects the values of Western European society, whereby colonialism was seen as a positive force for the uncivilised Africans.Another group of people pushed to the fringes within Heart of Darkness are women. Within the narrative, women occupy very minor roles, and achieve merely a passing mention. There are only five women mentioned throughout the book, Marlows aunt, Kurtzs intended, Kurtzs mistress and the two women symbolically knitting like the classical Greek fates. It is significant that none of these women are named. Additionally, of these women only one, Marlows aunt, wields any real power (as she manages to get Marlow a position in Africa). Even Marlows aunt, however, must wield power through influencing men, whom, it is implied, wield the real power, as such. The other four female characters are fairly dysfunctional, either delusional like Kurtzs intended, denied speech like Kurtzs native mistress or fairly irrelevant like the two women knitting. Women within the novel are dismissed i.e. they are not central to the novels proceedings and occupy what are essentially symbolic roles. Thus, it can be seen that women within the novella are pushed aside, denied power and a significant role, revealing much about Conrads patriarchal society, in which women had little economic or legal power and few rights.In a similar vein, women within the text are also characterised in a way that marginalises them. Marlows aunt, for example, is characterised as naive and in Marlows words out of touch with the truth. As he journeys into what he describes as the centre of the earth, he is told by his Aunt to wear flannel and write often, statements which make the reader perceive her as foolish and somewhat simple. Similarly, Marlow tell s us that women, live in a world of their owntoo beautiful altogether and if they were to set it up it would go to pieces before the first sunset, providing a context for our understanding of the Intended, whom we perceive as living in a delusional world and deceiving herself. In contrast, the Mistress lives out her urges, and is real, in a sense, but essentially, is constructed as bestial and savage. As such, women, it is suggested, either live in a fantasy world created as they lack the pragmatism and intelligence of men or live in the real world but are essentially savage, fulfilling a symbolic role. This again reveals dominant values of late 19th Century Europe, which commonly perceived women, as, according to one leading historian, delicate, sensitive, frail, and emotional creatures.Finally, the lie to Kurtzs Intended also showcases how women within the text are pushed to the fringes, revealing dominant societal values. Marlow, although he tells us that he abhors lies, lies to Kurtzs Intended, in order to protect her from the horrors of her fiances death by telling her that instead of his last words being the deeply disturbing the horror, the horror, Kurtzs last words were the Intendeds name. As such, Marlow appears to be attempting once again to protect the woman from the real world, adopting a patriarchal and paternalistic protective attitude towards the Intended. As such, the woman is again pushed to the fringes, as the reading shows her to be unpractical and living in a fantasy world, and therefore again, this dominant view in Conrads society is exposed.Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness is an unquestionably important work of literature. Nevertheless, as the novella is read, it appears to propagate and collude with many of the cultural myths and stereotypes with respect to women and indigenous Africans that were prevalent at the time of writing, seemingly marginalising both of these groups and pushing them to the fringes of society. In this way, some of the dominant ideologies and values of Conrads time, that is, racism, sexism and colonialism are revealed through the novella. By the end of the novella, by constructing black Africans and women as marginal in society, Conrad has both consciously and unconsciously revealed that the late 19th Century European society in which he lived regarded both black people and women paternally and in a patronising fashion, and allowed us to better understand this society.

Arguments for Further Amendments to the NDPS Act - 2285 Words

ONE FINAL STEP FORWARD: ARGUMENTS FOR FURTHER AMENDMENTS TO THE NDPS ACT. ï ¿ ¼INTRODUCTION: ï ¿ ¼Ministry of Finance (MoF) backed by the Prime minister’s office(PMO) has decided to consider the option of further amending the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act (NDPS) 1985 in the winter parliament session of 2015. The Ministry of Finance is expected to propose groundbreaking amendments which allow the state to introduce legal regulation of certain illicit drugs, including the decriminalization of marijuana possession. It is in this context that the Harm Reduction International – India Chapter (HRI-IC) has decided to commission this policy brief to provide recommendations that we believe should not be left out of the policy reform.†¦show more content†¦HRI-IC believes that the current drug policy in India has a deleterious effect on drug users and the youth of our nation – and therefore, feels duty bound to recommend the following policy changes in the NDPS Act: A. DELETION OF SECTION 27 FROM THE NDPS ACT: If incarceration reduced addiction, criminalization of addicts can be justified, but over the years drug addiction has only increased along with drug trafficking. (MOHFW, 2011) (Das, 2012). Stringent penalties provided for by the NDPS Act has done very little to deter drug use. In-fact, India houses the largest number of repeat offenders guilty of violating the NDPS Act. Around 63% of prisoners in India have a history of drug use and around 23% of the total number of prisoners has been apprehended for drug related offences (IHRN, 2009). In 2001 Portugal decriminalized possession, acquisition and consumption of narcotic substances for personal use. Ten years later irrefutable empirical evidence points to the fact that decriminalization did not lead to a spike in the number of drug dependent persons or an increase in drug related violence. On the contrary numerous studies show that there has been significant decline in petty crimes related to drug consumption like theft, because of availability of methadone treatment, decrease in HIV incidence amongst injecting drug users, along with reduction in recidivist crimes (Domoslawski, 2011)Show MoreRelatedIndia’s Drug Policy: Amend or Perish Essay examples2160 Words   |  9 Pagesof 25 years to impose this ban at the end of which the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985 (NDPS) was enacted in conformity with the 1961 treaty. The Conundrum presented by Status Quo: †¢ Propagation of negative stereotypes: The most damaging aspect of the NDPS Act,1985 is that it rules out the possibility of an objective outlook on the multifaceted problem of drug abuse as the Act impetuously regards castigatory action as the only recourse (Letter to Ministry of Finance, 2012)

Essay about The ECommerce Environment of Singapore

The ECommerce Environment of Singapore Geography The Republic of Singapore is located in southeast Asia, south of Malaysia and northwest of Indonesia. The island measures a total of 637 square kilometers with a coastline 193 kilometers long. Singapore is generally comprised of lowland areas with a central plateau in the middle of the island. Its elevation ranges from the Bukit Timah, (166 m.), to the Singapore Strait which is at sea level. Its climate is tropical and wet. Precipitation occurs on 40% of all days, (70% of days in April). Singapores two biggest natural recourses are its fishing industry, and its deep water ports. Singapore is also a focal point for most Southeast Asian sea routes. History Singapore†¦show more content†¦The E-commerce environment consists of the physical internet network, components, and internet services. The environment also includes a collection of supports and incentives to assist and promote the on-line community. Internet Awareness and Usage Approximately Ninety-two percent of adults aged 18 to 55 years old are aware of the Internet. About one third (32%) of the total population have used the internet. This gives Singapore roughly 667,000 adult internet users. However, only 13% of internet users have ever made online purchases. When surveyed only 21% of internet users were aware that these services existed. The bulk of the population uses the internet primarily for information searches and electronic mail (38% and 30% respectively) Infrastructure Services In order to develop, E-businesses need an operating environment including network services, payment services, and trust systems. The information technology industry in Singapore has been working with the government to develop online payment systems, security systems, directory services, and other E-commerce services essential to a developing online industry. 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Christinas World free essay sample

The front side of the house has the most detail compared to the three other buildings in the picture. I can clearly see the door, windows, and even the color of the house. This leads me to believe that Christina is focusing on the front of the house. I see what appears to be a typical farm in rural America, somewhere in a Midwestern grassland state. This farm however, has no livestock, or crops. I see a shed to the right, and a barn about fifty yards to the left of the house. If I look closely, birds can be seen flying from the barn. Is this a possible sign of abandonment? Judging between the rough, tall grass and the smooth texture to the grass around the farm tells me this place is not as deserted as it looks. This tells me that Christina’s world has boundaries, and it appears that she is out of bounds. We will write a custom essay sample on Christinas World or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The colors of the painting are very dull and flat. This only enhances the theme of a desolate and nearly dead farm. The vast field and wide open spaces make this place look very empty. The path leading up to the house seems faded by over growth; another sign that Christina’s world is a lonely place. When I come full circle, I set my eyes back on Christina. I begin to wonder, why is she here? Why is she in rough wild grass instead of the smooth tame lawn? As I take a closer look, I notice her rigid hands clutching the earth. It’s almost as if she’s pulling herself forward; as if she’s trying to get to safety. Her body is thin and frail. She looks starved and malnourished. Loose strands of hair are flowing in the breeze. Her dress is pink; a sign of femininity, but it’s also faded along with the rest of the scene. The point of view Wyeth gives is as if I’m standing right behind Christina. I can’t help but feel tempted to do something to help her. I want to get her to safety, give her some food, put her in bed, and get her some medical attention. Would she be safe though? When I look closely I can see a pile of lumber on the side of the house, and a latter propped up on the front. This house needs work done. Maybe this house isn’t a sanctuary for Christina. She probably dreads going back, but she has nowhere else to go. I think Christina has accepted her world because she has no other choice. She had to leave the boundaries and explore the outside a little bit before she realized this. Maybe the outside world rejected her so she begrudgingly turned back. Even though it’s a warm summer day; I sense coldness here. The dark looming house has a forbidden feel to it. The barn is equally forbidden; only home to the birds now. It seems Christina’s world was left to fade away. When I researched Andrew Wyeth, and his painting of Christina’s World I found some interesting facts. Christina is in fact Christina Olsen, one of Wyeth’s neighbors. She lived with her brother Aravo Olsen in what is now known as the Olsen House located in Cushing Maine. This is far from what I originally thought. There is some speculation that Christina was schizophrenic. This however, is false. On the other hand, Christina did have an undiagnosed muscular disorder. This disease, probably polio, caused her to lose her ability to walk in the late 1920’s. This explains why Christina is clutching the ground. She was crawling. It is a fact that Christina regularly crawled around the farm. The Olsen family and farm were inspirations for a few of Wyeth’s paintings. They even let him use the third floor of their house as an art studio. Wyeth’s father died in a horrible train accident three years before he painted â€Å"Christina’s World. † This had a noticeable impact on Wyeth’s art. His colors became more bland and dull. His landscapes were bare. These traits are highly reflected in â€Å"Christina’s World. † If you look at modern pictures of the Olsen House you can see the place is surrounded by evergreens. In the painting, there isn’t a tree in sight. The landscape is almost bare except for the grass. I would say â€Å"Christina’s World† is Wyeth’s way of expressing his grief for his father’s death. Andrew Wyeth was inspired to paint this picture when he looked out his window and seen Christina crawling around in the fields. Though Christina inspired the painting, it was Wyeth’s wife Betsy who modeled the torso, and head. The Olsen farmhouse is the most famous model of the painting. It was first built in the late 1700’s, then later had a third floor annexed to it. The Olsen house still stands to this day in Cushing Maine, and is a historic landmark. It is owned by the Farnsworth Art Museum. I believe Wyeth was asking his viewers a question in this painting. If your standing behind this woman who is crawling across the field. What would you do? Wyeth is giving us a choice. He’s showing us a cruel, harsh world. Do you help her, or do you pass her by; letting her fend for herself?